The Mozart Effect

Named after the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756 - 1791), this finding, first reported in the journal Nature in 1993 (pdf here) , said that listening to compositions by Mozart increases scores on tests of spatial ability for a short while.



In the original experiment, college students were given various tests after experiencing each of the following for ten minutes; listening to Mozart's sonata for two pianos in D major K488, listening to a relaxation tape, or silence. Performance on the paper-folding subtest of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale was significantly better after listening to Mozart than after the other two treatments, but the effect dissipated after about 15 minutes, and other non-spatial tasks were unaffected.

 

The finding has been contested by other researchers and has been widely misinterpreted to imply that listening to Mozart, or just classical music in general, increases one's intelligence.

 

Several independent research studies have shown that children who receive extensive training in musical performance achieve significantly higher average scores on tests of spatial ability, but that long-term consequence is not the Mozart effect.

The Cracked Jar

An Indian legend tells of a man who carried water to his village every day, in two large jars tied to the ends of a wooden pole, which he balanced on his back. One of the jars was older than the other, and had some small cracks; every time the man covered the distance to his house, half of the water was lost.

For two years, the man made the same journey. The younger jar was always very proud of its performance, safe in the knowledge that it was up to the mission it had been made for, while the other jar was mortified with shame at only fulfilling half of its allotted task, even though it knew that those cracks were the result of many years hard work.

It was so ashamed that one day, while the man got ready to fetch water from the well, it decided to speak to him: ''I want to apologize, but because of the many years of service, you are only able to deliver half of my load, and quench half of the thirst which awaits you at your home''.

The man smiled, and said: ''When we return, observe carefully the path''. And so it did. And the jar noticed that, on its side, many flowers and plants grew. ''See how nature is more lovely on your side? commented the man, I always knew you were cracked, and decided to make use of this fact. I planted flowers and vegetables, and you have always watered them. I have picked many roses to decorate my house with, I have fed my children with lettuce, cabbage and onions. If you were not as you are, how could I have done that?''

''All of us, at some point, grow old and start to acquire other qualities. We can always make the most of each one of these new qualities and obtain a good result.''

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Default Network Mode; The Brain's Screensaver

The default mode network (DMN) is a network of brain components active when during daydreaming, self-generated thought, and when not attending to outside stimuli. Marcus Raichle, the discoverer of the DMN, has referred to it as "the orchestrator of the self". It is most active when the brain is at rest or involved in social communication.

 

The concept of brain resting-state network arose from observations made when comparing cerebral perfusion during cognitive processing to that measured during passive baseline conditions such as at rest, that is, when subjects lie in the dark and are instructed to think about nothing in particular (Mevel, 2011).

Raichle first used the term in 2001 to describe the nature of brain activity when it is not engaged in any specific, externally focused task. It's been considered quite an elaborate system, and while there are no definitive functions of the DMN as of yet, some proposed have included internal processes such as self-reflection to diffused passive attention. The DMN is generally inhibited in most cognitive tasks, however, tasks that involve episodic memory does not deactivate the DMN - suggesting a link.

The main hypotheses associated with the DMN and cognitive functions are, the Internal Mentation Hypothesis, and the Sentinel Hypothesis. The Internal Mentation hypothesis holds that DMN is important in introspection and internal attention. The Sentinel Hypothesis argues that the DMN supports a low level ''exploratory'' attention that surveys for unexpected stimuli.

Although some variation occurs, the default network mostly includes medial brain structures, i.e., the ventral medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, the inferior parietal lobe, the lateral temporal cortex, the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampal formation. Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems (Buckner, 2008).

The link between DMN and episodic memory is well established. It is now known that retrieval of episodic memories, whether internally or externally cued; relies on the DMN (Cabeza et al., 2011). Further, dysfunction of both grey matter of DMN nodes as well as white matter connections are implicated in Alzheimer's Disease, a disease with obvious prominent effects on episodic memory. People with early signs of Alzheimer's Disease have unusual resting state signatures, while in Autism; the resting-state networks can be 'hyperconnected'.

People who are depressed show an increase in DMN activity. This is likely to be precisely because what characterizes depression is a sense of constant rumination and negative self-referential mental activity – in neurological terms being stuck in the DMN. (Smith, 2015). Others researchers discovered findings that suggest increased default mode network activation during meditation (Xu et al., 2014), indicating that this activation is related to the relaxed focus of attention, which allows spontaneous thoughts, images, sensations, memories, and emotions to emerge and pass freely, accepting them as part of the meditation process (Xu et al., 2014). The DMN has also been linked with depression (Belleau et al., 2014), schizophrenia (Mingoia et al., 2012), and post traumatic stress disorder (Lanius et al., 2009).

While the functional significance of the DMN remains unknown, converging evidence suggests that the DMN might be critical for self-referential processing (e.g., introspection). Age differences in the ability to deactivate the DMN has been found between older and younger adults, which may reflect the cognitive change experienced in normal aging (Park et al, 2009). The mental activity of the DMN has still not been rigorously assessed to date. Despite the growing amount of knowledge regarding the DMN physiology and anatomy, the cognitive function of this network is still poorly understood (Mevel, 2011).

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
''Whatever resting activity is doing, its existence proves one thing - the brain only rests when you're dead'' ~ Miall (2009)

Perspective

I love this story from Irvin D. Yalom.

 

One of his patient's with breast cancer who throughout adolescence had been locked in a long, bitter struggle with her naysaying father. Looking forward to some form of reconciliation, she looked forward to her father driving her to college; a time she would be alone with him for several hours. The trip turned out to be a disaster. Her father behaved true to form by grousing at length about the ugly, garbage littered creek by the side of the road. She on the other hand saw no litter whatsoever in the beautiful, rustic, unspoiled stream. She found no way to respond and eventually, lapsing into silence, they spent the remainder of the trip looking away from each other.

 

Later, she made the same trip alone and was astounded to note that there were two streams - one each side of the road. ''This time I was the driver'', she said sadly, and the stream I saw was as ugly and polluted as her father had described it. But by the time she had learned to look out her father' window, it was too late - her father was dead and buried.

 

Yalom remarks that the story remained with him, and on many occasions he has reminded himself and his patients, 'Look out the other's window'. Try to see the world from another's perspective.

 

It's so relevant to many things in life such as empathy and honing our compassion for others. I think it's just awesome, and makes me want to delve into more of Yalom's writings.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Twitter Psychology

Does social networking already function like a game?

 

Twitter is a massively multiplayer online game in which you choose an interesting avatar and then role play a persona loosely based on your own - attempting to accrue followers by repeatedly pressing lettered buttons to form interesting sentences.

 

It could be viewed as a game; as it's about small achievements adding up to bigger ones.

 

''Gameification'' means applying the mechanics of videogames to real life. Now often this boils down to incentivising people to perform the same action over and over again. Each time Mario head-butts a block, he gets a coin; when he gets one hundred coins he gets an extra life.

 

And these perpetual little pats on the head compel you to bash those blocks for hours!



@Koopa is now following you

Celebrities goad one another by enquiring about how many followers the other has on Twitter, adding substance to their self-worth bank account. And yet this isn't too dissimilar to when we were kids and enquired with our mates about how many 'points' you got or what their high scores on a certain game was.

 

By supplying a constant stream of fun-sized rewards, social networking has by accident ''gameified'' whole aspects of our lives. Every second another little gold coin (or follower) for you to collect; more followers, more retweets, compelling you to interact over and over again.

 

 

These are basically games we don't even realise we're playing.

 

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Charlie Brooker ~ How Video Games Changed the World